The structural conflict between Islamic countries and Western societies has a double structure. On the one hand it is based historically on the difference between Christianity and Islam, but on the other hand it has become more and more a conflict within modernity, that is, between societies that are no longer religious in a traditional sense and countries which claim to have a strong religious base relevant or, moreover, obligatory for all its peoples. There is a reciprocal discomfort: religious people, including a minority of traditional Christians inside Western countries, feel uncomfortable with the symbolic framework of a post-religious civil society that is characateristic of most of European countries. They think that without a strong religious foundation, ethical principles cannot work and that every society needs a reliable objective symbolic structure. It was Dostoyevsky who formulated the sentence: Without God all is allowed. But also the thesis of a famous Austrian author, Hermann Broch, that a world without a central valuesystem cannot survive is the diagnosis of a deep crisis of modern Western culture. Broch, who, like T.S. Eliot, was not a traditional religious person but a secularist, could not imagine a symbolically fragmented world or, in other words, a pluralistic value system.